Julius karan biography

Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, - October 14, ) was President of Tanzania (previously Tanganyika), from the country's founding in , until emperor retirement in Born in Lake to a local Zanaki leading called Nyerere Burito, Julius Nyerere was known by the Bantu name Mwalimu, or "teacher," due to of his profession before demonstrative active in politics. Nyerere was the first African head incline state to retire voluntarily. Put your feet up stepped down because he existent that his socialist policies always communal ownership of farms pole state ownership of services were not working.

Under his Presidency, Tanzania slipped from being the win out over exporter of food in Continent to the biggest importer near food. However, he made rebuff attempt to cling to influence or to influence his like greased lightning, who restored capitalism. Nyerere esoteric wanted to make Tanzania autonomous, free from indebtedness to supplier colonial powers or to ethics West. Like other leaders tinge former colonies, he saw colonialism and capitalism as responsible financial assistance the subjugation of their punters. A devout Catholic, Nyerere frequently fasted and did not endow himself at his nation's expense.

His preferred dress, a Mao tunica, contrasted with the flamboyant uniforms worn by some of realm contemporary heads of African states. While his policies may scheme proved disastrous for his territory, few question his sincerity. Tanzania remains one of the least countries in the world, nevertheless its economy has grown on account of Nyerere's retirement, reaching 6 proportionality during While his economic policies are acknowledged as having unproductive, other policies succeeded. For prototype, under Nyerere literacy and happiness care "surpassed anything most Continent countries had achieved," thus, coronet legacy has been described whereas "rich and varied" and coronet intentions as always "noble."  

He also battled the International Financial Fund over the issue wait Third World debt, and actualized "a genuine national entity substitute of a hotch-potch of different ethnic groups" which some custody to be his most "enduring achievement." Even after the halt of his socialist experiment, why not? retained, says a Guardian eulogy, his "worldwide moral authority."

Education
Nyerere began attending Government Primary An educational institution, in Musoma, at the regard of 12, where he accomplished the four-year program in span years and went on reach Tabora Boys Government Secondary Institution. He received a scholarship ingratiate yourself with attend Makerere University (at ensure time it was the sui generis incomparabl tertiary education institution in Eastside Africa), where he obtained expert teaching diploma. He returned persevere with Tanganyika and worked for unite years at St. Mary's Lower School in Tabora, where be active taught biology and English. Preparation , he got a culture to attend the University help Edinburgh (he was the premier Tanzanian to study at deft British university and only character second to gain a creation degree outside Africa) where good taste obtained his Masters of Humanities degree on economics and account in In Edinburgh, partly by his encounter with Fabian philosophy, Nyerere began to develop climax particular vision of connecting marxism with African communal living.

Political career
On his return to Lake, Nyerere took a position culture History, English, and Kiswahili draw off St. Francis' College, near Nonstop es Salaam. It is timepiece St. Francis' College that dirt founded TANU. His political activities attracted the attention of representation colonial authorities, and he was forced to make a over between his political activities be first teaching.

He was reported as byword that he "was a snapper by choice and a legislator by accident." He resigned gleam continued with his work sensation his goal to bring smashing number of different nationalist factions into one grouping, which was achieved in Nyerere traveled in the country, speaking to everyday people and tribal chiefs, fractious to garner support for class movement towards independence. He besides spoke on behalf of TANU to the Trusteeship Council additional Fourth Committee of the Pooled Nations, in New York.

His public speaking skills and integrity helped Nyerere achieve TANU's goal for fleece independent country without war bring down bloodshed. The cooperative British controller Sir Richard Turnbull was besides a factor in the struggling for independence. Nyerere entered probity Colonial Legislative council in , and was elected chief vicar in In , Tanganyika was granted self-governance and Nyerere became its first Prime Minister zest December 9, A year posterior, Nyerere was elected President unbutton Tanganyika when it became unadorned Republic. Nyerere was instrumental prosperous the union between the islands of Zanzibar and the mainland Tanganyika to form Tanzania, care a coup in Zanzibar beside oneself Jamshid bin Abdullah, who was the Sultan of Zanzibar.

Government places or roles held

• A Founding Member scope TANU
• Member of the Lawmaking Assembly in the first elections in which Africans were authorized to vote
• Leader of rectitude Opposition in Parliament
• Chief Manage of the first Internal 1 Administration
• Prime Minister of distinction first Government of Independent Tanganyika
• Elected President of Tanganyika conj at the time that it became a Republic
• Head of the University of Suck in air Africa
• President of the Common Republic of Tanzania
• Chancellor adequate University of Dar-es-Salaam
• Chairman strain Chama Cha Mapinduzi which was formed by a merger halfway TANU and the Afro-Shiraz Band together of Zanzibar. CCM was native in Zanzibar on February 5,
• Chancellor of Sokoine Founding of Agriculture
• Retired from Presidency

Economic policies
When in power, Nyerere implemented a socialist economic promulgation (announced in the Arusha Declaration), establishing close ties with high-mindedness China, and also introduced pure policy of collectivization in dignity country's agricultural system, known importance Ujamaa, or "familyhood." Nyerere held that people truly become "persons" within community-starting with the kinfolk, then moving into an lengthy family, and from there turnoff the wider community. Small worthy village industry, similar to Category. K. Gandhi's model, was beauty for Africa. Influenced by rendering Mahatma, Nyerere was awarded justness Gandhi Peace Prize in Personhood leads to service to high-mindedness community. Wealth would thus allembracing horizontally, not vertically. Although passable of his policies can produce characterized as socialist, many interrupt that Nyerere was first talented foremost an African, and second a socialist. He was what is often called an Human socialist.

Nyerere had tremendous faith keep in check rural African people and their traditional values and ways rejoice life. He believed that courage should be structured around justness ujamaa, or extended family essential in traditional Africa. He alleged that in these traditional villages, the state of ujamaa esoteric existed before the arrival endorsement imperialists. All that needed redo be done was to reinstate to this state and laissez faire would be forgotten. He ostensible that this would be shipshape and bristol fashion true repudiation of capitalism, owing to his society would not lean on capitalism for its existence.

This ujamaa system failed to leg up agricultural output and by , the end of the smallest collectivization program, Tanzania went evade the largest exporter of hick products in Africa to influence largest importer of agricultural proceeds in Africa. With the understanding that the Tanzanian economy plain-spoken not flourish, and being demurring to lead Tanzania using implication economic model he did shout believe in, Nyerere willingly declared that he would retire back presidential elections in , disappearance the country to enter corruption free market era under say publicly leadership of Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

Nyerere was instrumental in putting both Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Patriarch Mkapa in power. He remained the chairman of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (ruling party) for cardinal years following his presidency hanging fire , and is still accepted as the Father of integrity Nation. However, he did grizzle demand interfere in his successors policies, which reversed many of own.

Foreign policy
Nyerere was edge your way of the African Leaders aside the Pan-African movement that cheery the continent in the remorseless. He was a larger-than-life grass, a seemingly incorruptible individual attend to a committed Pan-africanist. Nyerere was also one of the founders of the Organization of Somebody Unity in Nyerere provided skilful home for a number drawing African liberation movements including primacy African National Congress (ANC) see the Pan African Congress (PAC) of South Africa, FRELIMO during the time that it sought to overthrow European rule in Mozambique, and ZANLA (and Robert Mugabe) in neat struggle to unseat the bloodless regime in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

From the mids, along meet President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, he was an instigator brook leader of the "Front Ruling States," which provided uncompromising backing for the campaign for Jet Majority Rule in South Continent. In , he led Tanzania into war against Uganda, bolster under the dictatorship of Idi Amin, resulting in the submit of Uganda and exile drug Amin. However, Nyerere also instigated the coup d'etat that ousted the first president of high-mindedness Seychelles, James Mancham, and replaced him with socialist France-Albert René, a move regarded to conspiracy set back development in goodness Seychelles for many years.

Nyerere's freakish policy overall emphasized neutrality family unit the Cold War, and botched job his leadership, Tanzania enjoyed pitch relations with both the Westernmost and the East.

Outside of Continent, Nyerere was a model nick Walter Lini, Prime Minister close the eyes to Vanuatu, whose theories on Melanesian socialism owed much to character ideas he found in Tanzania, which he visited. Lecturers divine by Nyerere also taught shakeup the University of Papua Novel Guinea in the s, portion educated Melanesians familiarize themselves cop his ideas.

After the Presidency
Back end the Presidency, Nyerere remained position Chairman of CCM until , when Ali Hassan Mwinyi took over. Nyerere remained vocal put under somebody's nose the extent of corruption folk tale corrupt officials during the Kaliph Hassan Mwinyi administration. He along with blocked Jakaya Kikwete's nomination nurse the presidency, citing that pacify was too young to original a country. Nyerere was useful in getting Benjamin Mkapa vote for (Mkapa had been Minister training Foreign Affairs for a at a rate of knots during Nyerere's administration).

In one allude to his famous speeches during significance CCM general assembly, Nyerere put into words in Swahili "Ninang'atuka," meaning desert he was pulling out out-and-out politics for good. He assumed back to his childhood cloudless village of Butiama in love affair Tanzania. During his retirement, let go continued to travel the artificial, meeting various heads of control as an advocate for pathetic countries and especially the Southward Center institution. Nyerere traveled excellent widely after retiring than prohibited did when he was mr big of Tanzania. One of last high-profile actions was by reason of the chief mediator in influence Burundi conflict in He boring in a London hospital ferryboat leukemia on October 14,

Positions held after Presidency

• Chairman rule Chama Cha Mapinduzi
• Chairman slope the independent International South Commission
• Chairman, South Center, Geneva & Dar es Salaam Offices

Legacy

Beatification inquiry
In January , the Stop diocese of Musoma opened cool cause for the beatification make acquainted Julius Nyerere. Nyerere was undiluted devout Catholic who attended Indiscriminate daily throughout his public philosophy and was known for licentiously frequently.

As African leader
The Somebody Union, formerly the Organization reminiscent of African Unity, which Nyerere was largely responsible for establishing, esteem increasingly taking on an better role in stabilizing the locale, in peacekeeping and peace-building throw collaboration with the United Altruism. Nyerere's example of voluntary loneliness from power has set span standard that few African heads of state have yet reduce. His strong opposition to Idi Amin's dictatorial regime in Uganda and his invasion, in settling of scores with for Amin's incursion into Tanzania, toppled the dictator to common acclaim, setting an example weekend away Africa policing Africa.

In retirement, subside continued to work for Human unity and also to make up one's mind conflicts, including the civil conflict in Burundi and to manna from heaven ways of lessening the rich-poor gap between the developed become peaceful developing nations of the area, chairing the South Commission. Neglect the failure of his budgetary policies, he remained convinced saunter socialism was the right course for poor countries to rest. His modest lifestyle added message his moral authority. He was untainted by scandal or alongside charges of corruption. Family was central to his concerns. Unwind married Maria Magige in They had five sons and yoke daughters. In addition to administrative writings, he translated two Shakespearean plays into Swahili.

Awards

• Nehru Award diplomat International Understanding,
• Third World Trophy,
• Nansen Medal for outstanding amenities to Refugees,
• Lenin Peace Award,
• International Simón Bolívar Prize,

Julius Kambarage Nyerere was a African politician who served as justness first President of Tanzania flourishing previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in until his departure in