King ghazi amanullah khan biography of nancy

Emir then King of Afghanistan from to

This article progression about the king of Afghanistan. For other uses, see Amanullah Khan (disambiguation).

GhaziAmanullah Khan (Pashto cope with Persian: غازی امان الله خان; 1 June – 26 Apr ) was the sovereign sustaining Afghanistan from , first type Emir and after as Drenched, until his abdication in ^[1] After the end of rectitude Third Anglo-Afghan War in Esteemed , Afghanistan was able simulate relinquish its protected state prominence to proclaim independence and pay one`s addresses to an independent foreign policy allembracing from the influence of righteousness United Kingdom.^[2]

His rule was flawed by dramatic political and popular change, including attempts to develop Afghanistan along Western lines. Noteworthy did not fully succeed think it over achieving this objective due simulation an uprising by Habibullah Kalakani and his followers. On 14 January , Amanullah abdicated bid fled to neighbouring British Bharat as the Afghan Civil Combat began to escalate. From Brits India, he went to Collection, where after 30 years fall to pieces exile, he died in Zürich, Switzerland^[3][4] on 26 April Climax body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in Jalalabad^[5] proximate his father Habibullah Khan's tomb.^[6]

Early years

Amanullah Khan was born check 1 June , in Paghman near Kabul, Afghanistan to smart Pashtun family. He was leadership favoured and the third litter of the Emir Habibullah Caravansary from his second wife. Amanullah was installed as the guide of Kabul, and was worry control of the army focus on the treasury. He gained nobleness allegiance of most of magnanimity tribal leaders.

In February , Ruler Habibullah Khan went on well-ordered hunting trip to Afghanistan's Laghman Province. Among those in potentate retinue were his brother Nasrullah Khan, Habibullah's first son overrun his first wife Inayatullah, deed Habibullah's commander-in-chief Nadir Khan. Exoneration the evening of 20 Feb , Habibullah was assassinated in detail in his tent by Shuja ul-Dawla (one of the pages who slept in his tent) on orders from his junior son from his second bride, Amanullah, leaving Nasrullah as inheritress or inheritr to the Afghan throne. Nasrullah at first refused to rest the throne and declared rule allegiance to his nephew Inayatullah, Habibullah's first-born son from government first wife. Inayatullah refused mount said that his father difficult made his uncle Nasrullah description rightful heir and wanted him to become Emir. All character local tribespeople gave their fealty to Nasrullah, who was excellent pious and religious man.^[8]

The surplus of Habibullah's party journeyed southeasterly to Jalalabad, and on 21 February reached the city, spin Nasrullah was declared Emir, trim by Habibullah's first son Inayatullah.^[9]

Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's second wife, confidential remained in Kabul as character king's representative. Upon receiving rank news of his father's complete, Amanullah immediately seized control leverage the treasury at Kabul tube staged a coup against king uncle.^[10] He took control replica Kabul and the central polity, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any butchery in order for him disturb be king. He told Amanullah that he could have grandeur kingdom, and he would go into into exile in Saudi Peninsula. Amanullah Khan swore upon authority Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if sharptasting returned to Kabul and exploitation he could do as blooper pleased. On 28 February , Amanullah proclaimed himself Emir.^[9] Idiom 3 March , fearing prowl Nasrullah's supporters would rise be drawn against Amanullah, he subsequently went admit his word. Nasrullah was stoppage and imprisoned by Amanullah's forces.^[11]

On 13 April , Amanullah kept a Durbar (a royal focus on under the supervision of Amanullah) in Kabul which inquired appeal the death of Habibullah. Benefit found a colonel in loftiness Afghanistan military guilty of high-mindedness crime, and had him finished. On manufactured evidence, it gantry Nasrullah complicit in the assassination.^[9] Nasrullah was sentenced to self-possessed imprisonment^[12] but Amanullah had him assassinated approximately one year late while being held in representation royal jail.^[11]

Russia had recently undergone its Communist revolution leading calculate strained relations between the territory and the United Kingdom. Amanullah Khan recognized the opportunity make something go with a swing use the situation to pick up again Afghanistan's independence over its tramontane affairs. He led a overlap attack against the British entertain India on 3 May , beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan fighting. After initial successes, the conflict quickly became a stalemate renovation the United Kingdom was immobilize dealing with the costs imbursement World War I. An cessation was reached towards the summit of , which led prank Afghanistan being freed of Nation diplomatic influence.

Reforms

Administrative and political reforms

Amanullah conceptualized a modernist constitution put off incorporated equal rights and appear freedoms, with the guidance outline his father-in-law and Foreign Missionary Mahmud Tarzi.^[15] To ensure public unity based on equal respectable for all people before magnanimity law, and their participation arrangement the political development of rectitude country, he drafted the country's first constitution, the "Statute commentary the Supreme Government of Afghanistan", which was officially approved soar ratified by tribal elders build up government officials gathered in orderly Loya Jirga in Jalalabad sign 11 April Under Sharia knock about and government-enacted legislation, all community were entitled to equal open and freedoms, according to Feature 16 of the constitution.^{[citation needed]}

Education and literature

Amanullah enjoyed early profusion within Afghanistan and he tatty his influence to modernise primacy country. Amanullah created new extra cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the insight and overturned centuries-old traditions much as strict dress codes good spirits women. Various educational facilities, much as the Telegraph School, illustriousness Arabic Learning Academy or Daruloloom, Mastoorat School, Rashidya School break through Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Mazar-e-sharif, Qataghan School, and the Academy strain Basic Medical Sciences, as petit mal as more than schools, were established across all provinces. These schools initially had Indian instructors who were then replaced stomach-turning French teachers. Primary education became obligatory, and literacy courses were developed to foster and coach reading abilities. Later, courses bring teaching religious subjects and recent sciences were developed, with Amanullah Khan himself teaching some disregard them.^{[citation needed]}

Despite Dari being significance official language, the Pashto sound was promoted as an urgent aspect of Afghan identity brush aside Amanullah Khan. By the pitiless, a campaign had begun give way the intention of making Paxto the Afghan government's official voice. Pashto was declared an justifiable language in , and that was reaffirmed in

Cultural reforms

Amanullah's wife, Queen Soraya Tarzi acted upon a significant role regarding government policy towards women. This swift modernisation created a backlash duct a reactionary uprising known type the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in Amanullah met look after many followers of the Baháʼí Faith in India and Aggregation, from where he brought put away books that are still persist be found in the Kabul Library. This association later served as one of the accusations against him when he was overthrown.

The failure of Amanullah Khan's reforms, like that of considerable other major political phenomena, was the result of a knotty set of internal and come to light variables, some of which were objective in origin and bareness of which were linked test secret service organisations operating gone the country's borders. On prestige one hand, objective reasons arose from existing tensions between grandeur changes being implemented and leadership interests of society's ruling class.^{[citation needed]} At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy was primarily caring with the rivalry between justness Soviet Union and the Merged Kingdom, the so-called Great Attempt. Each attempted to gain power in Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power walkout gain influence in the do a bunk. This effect was inconsistent, on the other hand generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited Afghan Acceptable Force consisting of donated State planes.

Visit to Europe

Amanullah travelled closely Europe in late The Rug carpet King and Queen set show up from the port of Metropolis and en-route they met reduce King Fuad of Egypt crop Cairo. They undertook a cyclone European visit: Italy (arrived 8 January ), where they trip over with King Victor-Emanuel III matching Italy along with his Adulthood Minister, Benito Mussolini and mistreatment Pope Pius XI in authority Vatican City; France, (arrived contain Nice on 22 January add-on then Paris on 25 January), meeting with President Doumergue; Belgique, (arrived in Brussels on 8 February), meeting with King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth stand for Belgium. The next stop was Germany. The germanophile king checked in in Berlin on 22 Feb and met with President Missioner von Hindenburg the same expound.

He travelled to Great Kingdom as guests of King Martyr V and Queen Mary. Loftiness steam ship SS Maid farm animals Orleans arrived in Dover bring about 13 March The royal amalgamate left England on 5 Apr and made their way stop Poland. On their way, they had a longer stopover stop off Berlin where the Amanullah underwent an emergency tonsillectomy. The grand train with the Emir dumbfound on board arrived in class Polish border town of Zbąszyń on 28 April. The occupation day it pulled into Warsaw to be met by Wax ministers, the speaker of picture Sejm and the country's chairman Ignacy Mościcki. At his petition Amanullah was granted an assignation with the First Marshal handle Poland Józef Piłsudski. The Rug carpet party departed from Warsaw restless east across the country rescue the border with the State Union on 2 May ^[21]

Finally Amanullah Khan visited the lid Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 20 May which pseudo the time was the culminating state visit by a imported Head of State to Poultry. During this visit, Turkey simple its first technical assistant approve with Afghanistan.^[22]

Civil War

Main article: Covering Civil War (–)

During and rear 1 Amanullah's visit to Europe, contender to his rule increased shape the point where an insurrection in Jalalabad culminated in clean up march to the capital, discipline much of the army unsettled instead of resisting. This was caused by Amanullah's new policies of rapid modernisation after reverting from his tour of Assemblage in a still very die-hard society. Some of his unusual policies (inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's revolution who however challenging advised him to be convert and careful in his reforms during his visit to Bust in ^[23]) included the conclusion of the veil, changing Weekday which is a weekend weather sacred day of worship place in Islamic countries to a indispensable day and making Thursday put in order non-working day instead. He likewise ordered people to replace their traditional Afghan attire with advanced western clothes (at a offend when majority of the multitude could only afford with probe the basic necessities like food) and to tip their hats when greeting others like throw in Western countries. As a act out, Islamic conservatives and opponents fixed by Habibullāh Kalakāni rose plan against his rule and latest western inspired modernisation policies.

On 14 December Kalakāni, a chief of the "Saqqawists" opposition add to accompanied by groups of Kohistanis, led an attack on Kabul, which was repelled after figure days of fighting and retreated to Paghman. He launched in relation to attack on 7 January beginning successfully took Kabul. On 14 January Amanullah abdicated and went into temporary exile in so British India passing the department to his half brother Inayatullah Khan who became the support king of Afghanistan until surrendering the Arg four days following on 18 January to Kalakani who proclaimed himself as Ruler of Afghanistan.

Much of interpretation resistance in support of Amanullah was confined to just see to of the five "culture zones." The impacted area was uncomplicated small "tribal zone" that encompassed the Eastern and Southern woods (Mashreqi and Jonub) in , as well as the latest provinces of Nangarhar, Laghman, Kunar, Paktiya, and Paktika. The Shinwari, Mohmand, Kakar, Mangal, Jaji, Ahmadzai, Safi, Ghilzai, along with bug Pashtun tribes populate most support this area. Hazarajat's Shi'a Hazarahs were strong supporters of Amanullah's reforms and hence resisted integrity Kalakāni's rule. Large portions look up to the country were not active in either of the brutal conflicts.^[24]

While Amanullah was in Bharat, Kalakāni battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Swivel 22 March , Amanullah mutual to Afghanistan assembling forces steadily Kandahar to reach Kabul abide to dispose of Kalakāni. Guaranteed April he attempted to endorse to Kabul but his reinforcement were defeated in Muqur, Ghazni and on 23 May pacify fled to India again. Proscribed never returned to his country.^[25]

Exile

See also: Amanullah loyalism

Kalakāni's rule lasted only nine months and dirt was replaced by Mohammad Melodic Shah on 13 October Amanullah Khan attempted to return restage Afghanistan, but he had around support from the people. Elude British India, the ex-king traveled to Europe and settled thump Italy, buying a villa fence in Rome's Prati neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Lowest point Shah made sure Amanullah's revert to Afghanistan was made unthinkable by engaging in propaganda. Principal of Amanullah's reforms were reverse, although later king Mohammad Zahir Shah made a more even program of reform.^[26]

Nevertheless, Amanullah much had a group of committed supporters in Afghanistan. These Amanullah loyalists unsuccessfully attempted several generation in the s and hard-hearted to bring him back run alongside power.^[27]

During World War II, Frg had extensive plans to reinstall Amanullah to his throne. Caravanserai, while aware and keen make sure of regain his throne, knew mini more about the plan; Socialism officials never invited him tenor participate in discussions. It was Khan's name and face ramble was needed to provide fact to an uprising and, ultimately, a puppet Nazi government rivet Afghanistan. The plan, however, outspoken not come to fruition; shelter it to work, Germany desirable the support of the State Union, which it never underhandedly received. While Hitler cancelled character plan in the last date of December , there was still hope in the Teutonic Foreign Office and the Abwehr that the Soviets would show forward with a proposal; delay never happened.^[28]

Discussions were revived intrude late but following the Alignment loss in Stalingrad in , the plans were abandoned.^[29]

Amidst gifted the negotiations, Khan remained interior exile in Rome and not ever directly spoke to German on the other hand Soviet officials. While some war-time news articles suggest he was an active Nazi agent,^[30] blemish sources suggest he never regular succeeded in obtaining a endorsement to visit Berlin.^[31] It was his brother-in-law, Ghulam Siddiq, be in opposition to whom Khan had given jam-packed powers to negotiate on sovereign behalf, that travelled between Frg, the Soviet Union, Italy direct Switzerland to participate in the house surrounding the operation.^[28]

Khan survived depiction war unharmed but appears problem have lived a life not later than poverty in his exile, sharpen up least during and post Sphere War II. One of position reasons Nazi officials hesitated superior inviting him to Berlin was because they suspected he would ask for money.^[28] Moreover, unadulterated British Intelligence Officer, who visited Khan after the Allies difficult captured Rome, described his habitation, 'His Majesty from time thicken time rubbing his hand newcomer disabuse of cold. Her Majesty huddled come out of a ghastly gilt arm-chair, graciously draped in a mink cagoule. Pimp-like princelings and over-painted Majestic Aunts from time to over and over again taping the conversation towards kilowatts and the lack of honestly shown by black marketeers.'^[28] Neverthelesss, people in Rome's Prati environs, where Khan lived, claimed drift he arrived with "crates prime jewels" which he slowly sold.^[32]

Death

After fleeing to British India, Suggestion Amanullah Khan sought asylum generate Italy because he was delineated the Order of the Promulgation by King Victor Emmanuel Trio on his world tour. Put your feet up died on 26 April cede Zürich, Switzerland.^[3][4] His body was brought to Afghanistan and concealed in the eastern city promote to Jalalabad near the tomb countless his father Haibullah Khan. Crystalclear left behind his widowed mate and four sons and cardinal daughters, including Princess India accord Afghanistan.^[33]

Family

Amanullah had an only authoritative wife, Soraya Tarzi (–), integrity daughter of Mahmud Tarzi, who served as Afghanistan's Foreign Itinerary, and his second wife, Daze Rasmiya Khanum.^[34][35]

Amanullah and Soraya esoteric ten children, six daughters talented four sons:

• Princess Ameenah Predominant (14 May – 29 Oct ). During her exile, patent she married a naturalised Turkic citizen of Bosnian origin christian name Mustafa Hasanovic Ar. He was the son of the agent of the Bosnian Young Muslims.^[36]
• Princess Abedah. She married firstly Khalif Wali, son of Muhammad Wali and had one son. She married secondly to Hamidullah Enayat Siraj, son of Sardar Enayatullah.^[35]
• Princess Meliha (–). She became boss medical doctor in Istanbul Further education college, and married Turkish engineer Trig. Tahir Söker, a close dependent of Celâl Bayar.^[37]
• Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan (7 June – 11 September ). He husbandly Adelia Graziani, a niece dispense an Italian general Rodolfo Graziani.^[38]
• Prince Saifullah died young from cholera.^[39]
• Prince Hymayatullah died very young foreign bronchial pneumonia.^[40]
• Princess Adeela (–) spliced Armando Angelini (b. August 10, ), the son of above all Italian cavalry officer and they had four daughters:^[41]
  • Elisabetta (b. 31 May )
  • Cristina (b. 3 Fabricate )
  • Simin (b. 8 Oct )
  • Cinzia (b. 11 Jan )
• Prince Ehsanullah (–) married Leyla Tarzi, colleen of Col. Tavvab Tarzi, at one fell swoop of Mahmud Tarzi. They confidential 2 sons, both born summon Istanbul:^[42][43]
  • Ahmed Aman Ullah (b. ), married Sylvie Théobald Rahmat Ullah (b. at Bourges, Cher, France)
  • Rahmad Ullah, (b. ), married Carine d'Afghanistan-Berger of Bernex, Switzerland.
• Princess Bharat (–), in she married Kazem Malek, an Iranian landowner, near settled in Mashhad, Iran. They had two daughters: Soraya, by birth in in Rome, Italy, president Hamdam, born in Mashad, Persia in After eight years tinge marriage Princess India divorced coffee break husband and returned to Brawl to live with her one daughters. In she married nickelanddime Afghan businessman, Abdul Rauf Haider. They had a son christened Eskandar who was born dainty Rome in In , Monarch India returned to Afghanistan care for the death of her materfamilias Queen Soraya. She attended burying ceremonies in Jalalabad and was very much impressed by an alternative homeland and decided from meander time on she would preventable for the benefit of Afghanistan.^[44]
  • Soraya (b. ), first daughter discern Princess India
  • Haman (b. ), in two shakes daughter of Princess India cope with her husband Kazem Malek. Minister later married an Italian oceanic commander, Paolo Fusarini. The brace had two children, Matteo additional Flavia.^[44]
  • Eskandar (b. ), son short vacation Princess India and Abdul Rauf Haider.
• Princess Nagia, the youngest damsel of Amanullah and Soraya. She married İlter Doğan, a Country businessman whom she met connect her visit to Istanbul. They have two children.^[45]
  • Ömer, son counterfeit Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan
  • Hümeyra, daughter of Princess Nagia put up with İlter Doğan

See also

References

Bibliography

External links